"dessus" meaning in All languages combined

See dessus on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Etymology: From French dessus. Etymology templates: {{bor|en|fr|dessus}} French dessus Head templates: {{en-noun|?}} dessus
  1. (baroque music jargon) The highest voice or part, often a violin or soprano vocal line.
    Sense id: en-dessus-en-noun-7axJeya0 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 70 0 0 3 0 2 9 2 14 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 60 0 0 2 0 1 7 2 28

Adverb [French]

IPA: /də.sy/, /tsy/ [Louisiana], /desyr/ [Louisiana] Audio: Fr-dessus.ogg , LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-dessus.wav
Etymology: Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum. Etymology templates: {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|la|dēsūrsum|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Latin dēsūrsum, {{inh+|fr|la|dēsūrsum}} Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum Head templates: {{fr-adv}} dessus
  1. on
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-adv-uNMehScl
  2. on top
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-adv-8YJTHN3U
  3. upstairs
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-adv-q120kBZw Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36
  4. over
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-adv-X7akfjaO
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: bras dessus, bras dessous, sens dessus dessous

Noun [French]

IPA: /də.sy/, /tsy/ [Louisiana], /desyr/ [Louisiana] Audio: Fr-dessus.ogg , LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-dessus.wav
Etymology: Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum. Etymology templates: {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|la|dēsūrsum|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Latin dēsūrsum, {{inh+|fr|la|dēsūrsum}} Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum Head templates: {{fr-noun|m}} dessus m (invariable)
  1. upside; top side Tags: invariable, masculine
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-noun-lbFmMDZZ
  2. the upper hand; advantage Tags: invariable, masculine
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-noun-2va-eCpJ Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36
  3. (baroque music jargon) dessus Tags: invariable, masculine
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-noun-gtCuBjxh
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: au-dessus, ci-dessus, dessus du panier, là-dessus, par-dessus, prendre le dessus

Preposition [French]

IPA: /də.sy/, /tsy/ [Louisiana], /desyr/ [Louisiana] Audio: Fr-dessus.ogg , LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-dessus.wav , LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-dessus.wav
Etymology: Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum. Etymology templates: {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|la|dēsūrsum|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Latin dēsūrsum, {{inh+|fr|la|dēsūrsum}} Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum Head templates: {{fr-prep}} dessus
  1. (dated) on, on top of Tags: dated Synonyms: sur
    Sense id: en-dessus-fr-prep-gFD9SfhO Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header, French prepositions Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36 Disambiguation of French prepositions: 0 0 15 0 24 24 5 32
{
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      "args": {
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        "2": "fr",
        "3": "dessus"
      },
      "expansion": "French dessus",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French dessus.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "?"
      },
      "expansion": "dessus",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
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          "source": "w"
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          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "70 0 0 3 0 2 9 2 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 0 0 2 0 1 7 2 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The highest voice or part, often a violin or soprano vocal line."
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-en-noun-7axJeya0",
      "links": [
        [
          "baroque",
          "baroque"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "jargon",
          "jargon"
        ],
        [
          "voice",
          "voice"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part"
        ],
        [
          "violin",
          "violin"
        ],
        [
          "soprano",
          "soprano"
        ],
        [
          "vocal",
          "vocal"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "baroque music jargon",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baroque music jargon) The highest voice or part, often a violin or soprano vocal line."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "dessus"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "dessous"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "bras dessus, bras dessous"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "sens dessus dessous"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
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        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
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        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
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        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
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        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
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        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "dessus",
      "name": "fr-adv"
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  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "on"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-adv-uNMehScl",
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "on top"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-adv-8YJTHN3U",
      "links": [
        [
          "on top",
          "on top"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "upstairs"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-adv-q120kBZw",
      "links": [
        [
          "upstairs",
          "upstairs"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              20
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              8,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "He spat on me.",
          "text": "Il m'a craché dessus.",
          "translation": "He spat on me.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "over"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-adv-X7akfjaO",
      "links": [
        [
          "over",
          "over"
        ]
      ]
    }
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      "ipa": "/də.sy/"
    },
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tsy/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/desyr/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
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}

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        "3": "I"
      },
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        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
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      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
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        "1": "fr",
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        "3": "dēsūrsum"
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      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
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    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
  "head_templates": [
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  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 15 0 24 24 5 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "on, on top of"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-prep-gFD9SfhO",
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ],
        [
          "on top of",
          "on top of"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dated) on, on top of"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "sur"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ]
    }
  ],
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        "Louisiana"
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  "word": "dessus"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "au-dessus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ci-dessus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "dessus du panier"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "là-dessus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "par-dessus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "prendre le dessus"
    }
  ],
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        "g3": "",
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        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
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      "expansion": "dessus m (invariable)",
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  ],
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  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "upside; top side"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-noun-lbFmMDZZ",
      "links": [
        [
          "upside",
          "upside"
        ],
        [
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          "top"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
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        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 26 0 5 30 3 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
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        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the upper hand; advantage"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-noun-2va-eCpJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "the upper hand",
          "the upper hand"
        ],
        [
          "advantage",
          "advantage"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dessus"
      ],
      "id": "en-dessus-fr-noun-gtCuBjxh",
      "links": [
        [
          "baroque",
          "baroque"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "jargon",
          "jargon"
        ],
        [
          "dessus",
          "dessus#English"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "baroque music jargon",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baroque music jargon) dessus"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
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    },
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    {
      "ipa": "/tsy/",
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      ]
    },
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      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
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    }
  ],
  "word": "dessus"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "dessus"
      },
      "expansion": "French dessus",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French dessus.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "?"
      },
      "expansion": "dessus",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English entries with incorrect language header",
        "English lemmas",
        "English nouns",
        "English nouns with unknown or uncertain plurals",
        "English terms borrowed from French",
        "English terms derived from French",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The highest voice or part, often a violin or soprano vocal line."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "baroque",
          "baroque"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "jargon",
          "jargon"
        ],
        [
          "voice",
          "voice"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part"
        ],
        [
          "violin",
          "violin"
        ],
        [
          "soprano",
          "soprano"
        ],
        [
          "vocal",
          "vocal"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "baroque music jargon",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baroque music jargon) The highest voice or part, often a violin or soprano vocal line."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "dessus"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "dessous"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French adverbs",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French indeclinable nouns",
    "French lemmas",
    "French masculine nouns",
    "French nouns",
    "French prepositions",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "bras dessus, bras dessous"
    },
    {
      "word": "sens dessus dessous"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "dessus",
      "name": "fr-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "on"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "on top"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "on top",
          "on top"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "upstairs"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "upstairs",
          "upstairs"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              14,
              20
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              8,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "He spat on me.",
          "text": "Il m'a craché dessus.",
          "translation": "He spat on me.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "over"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "over",
          "over"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.sy/"
    },
    {
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      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg/Fr-dessus.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tsy/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/desyr/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
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  ],
  "word": "dessus"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French adverbs",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French indeclinable nouns",
    "French lemmas",
    "French masculine nouns",
    "French nouns",
    "French prepositions",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "dessus",
      "name": "fr-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French dated terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "on, on top of"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "on",
          "on"
        ],
        [
          "on top of",
          "on top of"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dated) on, on top of"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "sur"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.sy/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-dessus.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg/Fr-dessus.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tsy/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/desyr/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
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    },
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    },
    {
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    },
    {
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    }
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  "word": "dessus"
}

{
  "categories": [
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    "French adverbs",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French indeclinable nouns",
    "French lemmas",
    "French masculine nouns",
    "French nouns",
    "French prepositions",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "au-dessus"
    },
    {
      "word": "ci-dessus"
    },
    {
      "word": "dessus du panier"
    },
    {
      "word": "là-dessus"
    },
    {
      "word": "par-dessus"
    },
    {
      "word": "prendre le dessus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēsūrsum"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "dessus m (invariable)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "upside; top side"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "upside",
          "upside"
        ],
        [
          "top",
          "top"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "the upper hand; advantage"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "the upper hand",
          "the upper hand"
        ],
        [
          "advantage",
          "advantage"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dessus"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "baroque",
          "baroque"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "jargon",
          "jargon"
        ],
        [
          "dessus",
          "dessus#English"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "baroque music jargon",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(baroque music jargon) dessus"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.sy/"
    },
    {
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      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg/Fr-dessus.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-dessus.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tsy/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/desyr/",
      "tags": [
        "Louisiana"
      ]
    },
    {
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    },
    {
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    }
  ],
  "word": "dessus"
}

Download raw JSONL data for dessus meaning in All languages combined (11.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.